Decentralized systems such as blockchains operate based on distributed consensus:
multiple parties reexecute computation and agree on the result. In exchange, blockchains allow for trustless applications that do not have a centralized mediator. This idea wasfirst applied to decentralized money with Bitcoin and then to arbitrary trustless computation with Ethereum Redundant computation, however, is costly and imposes overhead on blockchains relative to their centralized counterparts. Due
to this reason, blockchains remain bottlenecked.